Last time I read about this the main practical difficulty was model transferability.
The very thing that makes it so powerful and efficient is also the thing that make it uncopiable, because sensitivity to tiny physical differences in the devices inevitably gets encoded into the model during training.
It seems intuitive this is an unavoidable, fundamental problem. Maybe that scares away big tech, but I quite like the idea of having invaluable, non-transferable, irreplaceable little devices. Not so easily deprecated by technological advances, flying in the face of consumerism, getting better with age, making people want to hold onto things.
Would be interesting to hook up many FPGAs of the same model and train all of the at once. Programs with differing outputs on different individuals could be discarded. The program may still not transfer to another batch of FPGAs but at least you have a better chance of the working.
Another idea is to just train a whole bunch of them individually, like putting your chips in school. :-D
It's still possible to train a network that's aware of the physics and then transfer that to physical devices. One approach to this from the neuromorphic community (that's been working on this for a long time) is called the Neuromorphic Intermediate Representation (NIR) and already lets you transfer models to several hardware platforms [1]. This is pretty cool because we can use the same model across systems, similar to a digital instruction set. Ofc, this doesn't fix the problem of sensitivity. But biology fixed that with plasticity, so we can probably learn to circumvent that.
Yes, but training is the most expensive part of ML, for example GPT-3 is estimated to cost something like 1-4 million USD.
With ANN you can do it one time and then clone the result for negligible energy cost.
Maybe training a batch of PNNs in parallel could save some of the energy cost, but I don't know how feasible that is considering they could behave slightly differently during training causing divergence... Now that sarcastic comment at the bottom of this thread is starting to sound relevant "Schools".
> Yes, but training is the most expensive part of ML, for example GPT-3 is estimated to cost something like 1-4 million USD.
That entirely depends on how many inferences the model will perform during its lifecycle. You can find different estimates for the energy consumption of ChatGPT, but they range from something like 500-1000 MWh a day. Assuming an electricity price of $0.165 per kWh, that would put you at roughly $80,000 to a $160,000 a day.
Even at the lower end of $80,000 a day, you'll reach your $4 Million in just 50 days.
That's not true for the most well-known models. For example Meta's LLAMA training and architecture was predicated on the observation that training cost is a drop in the well compared to the inference cost for a model's lifetime.
Having to do that in each instance is still really cumbersome for cheap mass deployment compared to just making a digital-style exact copy, but then again I guess a main argument for wanting these systems is that they'd be doing things unachievable in practice on digital computers.
In some cases one might be able to distill to digital arithmetic after the heavy parts of the optimization are done, for replication, distribution, better access for software analysis, etc.
This was the thing Geoff Hinton cited as a problem with analog networks.
I think eventually we'll get to the point where we do a stage of pretraining on noisy digital hardware to create a transferrable network, then fine tune it on the analog system.
If (somehow/waves hands) you could parallelize training, maybe this would turn into an implicit regularization and be a benefit, not a flaw. Then again, physical parallelizability might be an infeasibly restrictive constraint?
Well, the brain is a physical neural network, and evolution seems to have figured out how to generate a (somewhat) copiable model. I bet we could learn a trick or two from biology here.
The way the brain does it is by giving users a largely untrained model that they themselves have to train over the next 20 years for it to be of any use.
I suspect there may be trade off undergoing evolutionary selection here, where for some organisms a behaviour is more important from the offset, it's worth encoding more of the behaviour into genes, at what cost I wonder?
It's also possible there is some other mechanism going on at an embryonic stage, a kind of pre-training.
I suspect some of the division is also defined by how complex the task is, or how sensitive the model is to it's own neurons (kind of like PNN). I don't have a well rounded argument, but my instinct is that encoding or pre-training walking is far easier than seeing. Not to mention basic quadrupedal walking/standing is far easier than bipedal, they can learn the more complex coordinated movements after.
Some parts are copiable, but not the more abstract things like the human intellect, for lack of a better word.
We are not even born with what you might consider basic mental faculties, for example it might seem absurd, but we have to learn to see... We are born with the "hardware" for it, a visual cortex, an eye, all defined by our genes, but it's actually trained from birth, there is even a feedback loop that causes the retina to physically develop properly.
We should also consider the effects of trauma on those brains. If you’ve ever spent time around people with extreme trauma they are very much in their own heads and can’t focus outside themselves long enough to focus enough to learn anything. It definitely impacts intellectual capacity. Humans are social animals and anyone raised without proper socializing and intimacy and nurturing will inevitably end up traumatized.
There's indeed a nice trick to be learned from cognitive science focused in biological cognition: the mind is embodied and embedded. Which means, roughly, that it is not portable. It doesn't store things like "glass at position x,y" but only "glass is at a small movement of the hand towards the right". Consequently, whatever gets encoded only makes sense within a given body and only inasmuch as it relied on its environment (with humans, that includes social environments). The good news is that, despite being not portable, this reliance on physical properties might be a step in the right direction, after all.
PNNs resemble neural networks, however at least part of the system is analog rather than digital,
meaning that part or all the input/output data is encoded continuously in a physical parameter, and the weights can also be physical,
with the ultimate goal of surpassing digital hardware in performance or efficiency.
I am trying to understand what format does a node take in PNNs. Is it a transistor? Or is it more complex than that? Or, is it a combination of a few things such as analog signal and some other sensors which work together to form a single node that looks like the one we are all familiar with?
Can anyone please help me understand what exactly is "physical" about PNNs?
It's just a general idea to implement the computation part of neurons directly in hardware instead of software. For example by calculating sums or products using voltages in circuits, i.e. analog computing. The actual implementation is up to the designer, who in turn will try to mimic a certain architecture.
My knowledge in this area is incredibly limited, but I figured the paper would mention NanoWire Networks (NWNs) as an emerging physical neural network[0].
Last year, researchers from the University of Sydney and UCLA used NWNs to demonstrate online learning of handwritten digits with an accuracy of 93%.
> These methods are typically slow because the number of gradient updates scales linearly with the number of learnable parameters in the network, posing a significant challenge for scaling up.
This is a pretty big problem, though if you use information-bottleneck training you can train each layer simultaneously.
Makes sense as opposed to "abstract." With the constant encoding and decoding that has to be done when things are going in an out of processors and storage (or sensors), digital processes are always in some sense simulations.
Well, this is particularly frustrating because PNN is already taken as well, by the (imo) much more novel idea of Physics Informed Neural Networks (aka PINNs or PNNs).
Why this isn't called Hardware Neural Nets is beyond me.
I don't mean globally, LoRA are at least in different domains. Artificial Neural Networks and Physical Neural Networks are both machine learning, discussion referring to both is highly probable, and the former far more established so it calling it an Analog Neural Network would never last long.
The very thing that makes it so powerful and efficient is also the thing that make it uncopiable, because sensitivity to tiny physical differences in the devices inevitably gets encoded into the model during training.
It seems intuitive this is an unavoidable, fundamental problem. Maybe that scares away big tech, but I quite like the idea of having invaluable, non-transferable, irreplaceable little devices. Not so easily deprecated by technological advances, flying in the face of consumerism, getting better with age, making people want to hold onto things.
There is a great write up of this in this old blog post: https://www.damninteresting.com/on-the-origin-of-circuits/
And a more approachable article: https://www.damninteresting.com/on-the-origin-of-circuits/
Another idea is to just train a whole bunch of them individually, like putting your chips in school. :-D
[1]: https://github.com/neuromorphs/nir (disclaimer: I'm one of the authors)
With ANN you can do it one time and then clone the result for negligible energy cost.
Maybe training a batch of PNNs in parallel could save some of the energy cost, but I don't know how feasible that is considering they could behave slightly differently during training causing divergence... Now that sarcastic comment at the bottom of this thread is starting to sound relevant "Schools".
That entirely depends on how many inferences the model will perform during its lifecycle. You can find different estimates for the energy consumption of ChatGPT, but they range from something like 500-1000 MWh a day. Assuming an electricity price of $0.165 per kWh, that would put you at roughly $80,000 to a $160,000 a day.
Even at the lower end of $80,000 a day, you'll reach your $4 Million in just 50 days.
With PNN you would have to multiply n by 1-4 million, training cost explodes.
Having to do that in each instance is still really cumbersome for cheap mass deployment compared to just making a digital-style exact copy, but then again I guess a main argument for wanting these systems is that they'd be doing things unachievable in practice on digital computers.
In some cases one might be able to distill to digital arithmetic after the heavy parts of the optimization are done, for replication, distribution, better access for software analysis, etc.
I think eventually we'll get to the point where we do a stage of pretraining on noisy digital hardware to create a transferrable network, then fine tune it on the analog system.
A ton of that is probably encoded elsewhere, but no doubt the brain plays a huge part. And somehow, it's all reconstructed for each new "device".
I suspect there may be trade off undergoing evolutionary selection here, where for some organisms a behaviour is more important from the offset, it's worth encoding more of the behaviour into genes, at what cost I wonder?
It's also possible there is some other mechanism going on at an embryonic stage, a kind of pre-training.
I suspect some of the division is also defined by how complex the task is, or how sensitive the model is to it's own neurons (kind of like PNN). I don't have a well rounded argument, but my instinct is that encoding or pre-training walking is far easier than seeing. Not to mention basic quadrupedal walking/standing is far easier than bipedal, they can learn the more complex coordinated movements after.
We are not even born with what you might consider basic mental faculties, for example it might seem absurd, but we have to learn to see... We are born with the "hardware" for it, a visual cortex, an eye, all defined by our genes, but it's actually trained from birth, there is even a feedback loop that causes the retina to physically develop properly.
Likewise, kittens with an eye patch over an eye in the same time period remain blind in that eye forever.
Children who were "raised in the wild" or locked in a room by themselves have shown to be incapable of learning full human language.
The working theory is that our brains can only learn certain skills at certain times of brain development/ages.
I am trying to understand what format does a node take in PNNs. Is it a transistor? Or is it more complex than that? Or, is it a combination of a few things such as analog signal and some other sensors which work together to form a single node that looks like the one we are all familiar with?
Can anyone please help me understand what exactly is "physical" about PNNs?
Last year, researchers from the University of Sydney and UCLA used NWNs to demonstrate online learning of handwritten digits with an accuracy of 93%.
[0] = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42470-5
This is a pretty big problem, though if you use information-bottleneck training you can train each layer simultaneously.
Why this isn't called Hardware Neural Nets is beyond me.